The Train Chord below is Major, as are all Train Chords, because of the Harmonic Series, the secret scale inside every tone that is itself a Major Chord.

For realistic railroad rhythms, rev the wheels up with multiple drags over the tracks. When the crescendos crisscross, drag onto the noteheads and let the cursor settle momentarily, then drag it off onto the staves or notationless Byss for a short rest. Finally, let the cursor settle on the noteheads till the doppler shifts.

This is the AirChime K5LA. One dissonant motherfucker. K Series. 5 horn bells. Low-manifold mount. American Factory tuning. Tuned to the Grid.Tuned to the Earth. The K5LA is a B Major 6th pentachord (D#, F#, G#, B, D#), but because of the inverted voicing, it can also sound like a G# Minor 7 (2nd Inversion), the B’s relative minor key. Yet due to the American city’s natural electric emphasis of the B-tone, the train chord will sound major from space.

Selfless Plug: Look for realistic railroad riddim on the upcoming 2011 Los Doggies album!

This sacred syllable, discourse particle, wordless melody, or what have you, is said to be the background microwave radiation from the Big Bang, the tinnitus tones that ring endlessly in our heads, the buzzing of machines and insects, and the 1-note Song of the Universe. Whatever it is, humming this “aum” is good for you, as it allows for the free flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid―the elixir in which our nervous systems swim. Trying humming this low C at home now, and take it down as far as your throat length will allow.

In the beginning, there was the Tone, and the Tone was with Chord. For you see, every tone that you hear is made up of a ton of barley audible tones, called Overtones. These overtones form a little scale, which is the secret scale lying at the heart of all music.

Behold the Overtone Series, also known as the Harmonic Series. If you struck a low C on a piano, all of these other tones would sound as well, coloring the timbre of the piano.

Why are some chords pleasing and others not so? The Series is the key to unlocking the mysteries of music. Consonances are found between the tones at the beginning of the Harmonic Series, which are more audible than the dissonances, located at the end of the Series. In actuality, the Series keeps going for a while, with increasingly smaller intervals, less audible and more dissonant.

The tone, and its relation to other tones is called an Interval. In our western system of tuning, there are 12 intervals, just as there are 12 unique tones. Drag over the notes below, to hear each interval sound one by one. The idea behind breaking the 12 Intervals down into these categories of consonance and dissonance is borrowed from the book Twentieth-Century Harmony: Creative Aspects and Practice by Vincent Persichetti (not a book I’d recommend for introducing Music Theory).

The most consonant intervals are the unison and the octave as they feature the same tone. Tones right next to each other are the most dissonant when sounded together. This is the opposite of colors on a color wheel, where analogous colors when mixed produce consonances, and complimentary colors produce dissonances. But hey, let’s not get too lost in the synesthesia of it all!

Think of the above interval score like a bell curve (or maybe more like a sine wave), with the most consonant intervals in the middle―the perfect fourth and fifth―and the most dissonant intervals towards the ends.

This system for analyzing consonances can be applied to chords with more than two tones, to help us understand the subtle harmonies that makes us feel the way we do. Take your basic, garden-variety C Major chord. This chord is composed entirely of intervals located at the beginning of the Harmonic Series, making for a naturally pleasing harmony.

There’s nothing but consonances in this chord. It’s perfectly suitable for babies.

The guitar is designed to easily play these ‘Harmonic Series’ chords. They are called “bar chords” because of the bar-like finger-formation it requires to play them. This is how guitarists visualize their music.

The 5-line stave of traditional notation (see scores above) is traded out for a 6-line tab and finely mimics the vectors in a guitar’s design. Not only does the left to right movement show the linear flow of time, but it also represents the neck of a guitar as seen while playing it. The system of Musical Notation is more like a written language―which is to say arbitrary in its symbols―while Guitar Tablature is more like a drawing.

Notice that the C Major on guitar sounds a lot more dissonant than the piano version above. That’s cause of all the awesome distortion, which colors the timbre of the instrument, and makes for different overtones.

Thus, consonance is a product of many things, but mostly harmony and timbre. At which point, can timbre tip an ugly tone into consonance? When do the weight of dissonances bar any noticeable change in timbre?

There are other things too, less easily quantifiable, like context and attitude, that play their part. Why, just the “sexiness” of a lead vocalist alone can make you forgot all about dissonances.

In the example above, the Mediant is the note in the middle – the Third. In C Minor the mediant E Flat, gets sharpened up to an E for a C Major. C Minor picardies to a C Major and it feels goods. To discover why, we turn to the dreaded Harmonic Series!

A picardy used as a musical device not only makes us happy by switching to Major, but because it changes key on the same degree, has an extra triumphant boost. The tonic C overcomes his sad minor self, sharpening his third to an E, and becomes consonant, major, and awesome.

Aye picardies! Radiohead do it, The Beatles did it, J.S.Bach did it so cheesey, but no one do it like Lionel:

“Hello” Picardy by Lionel Richie
It begins on A Minor with a “Hello”, down to G, then F, then picardies up to an A Major for the “looking for!”





Picardy also has plenty of cheeky potential. Take the example from “Roundabout” by Yes, a Minor classic that resolves in a picardied E Major chord.

Very cheeky. Or is it pretentious?




Here’s a cheeky picardy of Beethoven’s “Für Elise” written on the Casiotone mt-46.

Less common is the “Reverse Picardy” where a Major song turns Minor. It seems that the Harmonic series pushes human music ever and ever Major.

Here’s a version of Pachelbel’s Canon in D Minor – a reversed picardy of its former self. The usual “I V vi iii IV I IV V” is now minored where major and majored where minor, making it “i v VI III vi i iv v”.

Surely this is both sad and pretentious!